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The concept of natural selection as the underlying principle of evolution is the central force in the field of modern biology. It combines disciplines such as microbiology, palaeontology, genetics and palaeontology.

The study of evolution can be controversial and the misinformation that is generated can lead to confusion about its fundamentals. This site explains the fundamental concepts.

What is Evolution?

Modern evolutionary theory is based on the gradual and cumulative changes that occur in populations over time. These changes are the results of natural selection. This is a process which increases the number of organisms with beneficial traits, which allow them to survive and reproduce in particular environments. This means that these organisms produce more offspring than those who don't have these beneficial characteristics. This results in the genetic changes that can eventually lead to the creation of new species.

The term "evolution" is often associated with the notion of "survival of the strongest," which implies that people who are most well-adapted to a specific environment will have an advantage over those who are not well-adapted. This is just one of many ways that evolution could occur.

Another popular way in which the word evolution is used to suggest that a species will invariably move from one state to the next one. This theory of evolution is known as anagenetic or cladogenesis. This view is not supported by the definition of evolution that is scientifically accepted. The scientific theory of evolutionary change focuses instead on the changes that occur in populations over time. These changes are the result mutations that result from natural selection and genetic variation.

Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who supported this theory. Others, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, who developed the theory of macroevolution believed that this was the only way the higher forms of life could be derived from lower forms.

In order for a concept to be considered a theory, it must be capable of standing up to rigorous tests and evidence. Evolution has stood the test of time, and has been backed by many scientific disciplines, from biology to geology, chemistry to astronomy. Evolution is a cornerstone of science and is backed by the majority of scientists across the world. Many people have misconceptions regarding the nature of the evolution theory particularly how it is connected with religion.

What is the Theory of Evolution?

Evolution is an explanation in science of how living things change over time. It is based on few known facts: that more offspring are born than can survive and that different individuals have their physical characteristics, and that they can pass on traits to future generations. These findings are backed by a growing amount of evidence from molecular biology, palaeontology climatology functional morphology geology.

The theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century to explain why organisms are adapted to their physical and biological environments. It is the most widely supported and validated theory in science. Its predictions were confirmed by the fact that, for instance, more complex organisms are less susceptible to genetic mutations. Additionally the more successful an organism is in reproduction and survival in its ability to reproduce, the more likely it is to pass its genes to the next generation.

Some people are against evolution because they believe that it implies there is no purpose to life. Many scientists who are religious believers like Cambridge Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris (BioLogos, 2014) believe that evolution is compatible with faith in God and even enhanced by it.

Many highly skilled evolutionary biologists have been involved in constructing and testing the theory of evolution, including several revered evangelical Christian leaders. Many of these researchers contributed to the understanding a vast array of phenomena, such as genomics and phylogenetics and also the formation and function fossils.

The word "theory" which is often misinterpreted refers to scientific hypotheses that have been tested and refined over a long period of time. Scientists test hypotheses by repeating the experiments or observations that led them to their conclusions. Thus the theory of evolution theory has been repeatedly proven, as have the corresponding theories of Copernican theory, atomic theory, and germ theory.

What is the Process of Evolution?

The process of evolution is the gradual change over time in the proportion of genetically distinct individuals within a certain species. This change is a result of the natural selection of individuals that are more well-adapted to their environment. The individuals who are more adaptable have a better chance of survival and reproduction. As more of these individuals survive and reproduce, their genes are more prevalent in the population. This is often called "survival of the strongest."

According to the theory of evolution the mutations that cause genomic variation are the raw basis for evolutionary change. These mutations could occur at random or be affected by the environment. When mutations occur randomly, the allele frequencies will vary from generation to generation. However, when an alteration is beneficial, it will increase the frequency of the allele, causing it to spread through the population.

Over time, these shifts in allele frequencies could lead to the formation of new species. The new species could grow and evolve into newer forms. This process is called macroevolution. The development of a new species is often due to changes in the environment that allow certain kinds of resources to become available or create new environmental challenges. For example, the evolution of finches in the Galapagos Islands is a result of the availability of various food sources and the need defend themselves from predators.

In a wider context the term "evolution" refers to any change that occurs in the nature of living organisms over time. This change can be subtle, such as the development of a new color or a dramatic change, such as the formation of an organ.

Scientists who believe in the theory of evolution generally agree on the significance of genetic change in generating evolution. They also agree that the process of evolution happens over a long time, typically millions of years. However, they differ over the importance of different factors in speeding or slowing the process, like the role of environmental pressures, sexual selection, and mutation bias. Despite these differences most scientists are still convinced that evolution is real and that the evidence in support of this is overwhelming.

What evidence can be found for evolution?

Since Darwin's time, scientists have gathered evidence to support his theory of evolution. A portion of this evidence is derived from fossils which reveal the changing traits of living things over time. Other evidence is found in similarities among living organisms, embryology, biogeography, genetics and comparative anatomy.


The main proof of evolution can be found in the evolutionary tree, which illustrates how different species are related. Homologous structures are another proof. They share a common structure but serve different purposes in different species, such as the wing of a bird or bat. Evolution is evident in that different species adapt and develop to similar environments. For instance, arctic-foxes and ptarmigans grow white fur coats that blend in with snow and ice. This is a kind of convergent evolutionary process, which suggests that the species share ancestors.

The vestiges of structures are another source of evidence. They are the remains of an organism that could have served some purpose in the distant past. For example, the human appendix is remnants of an earlier organ used to digest food. Natural selection is a process that causes these structures to shrink as they are no longer utilized.

Scientists have also gathered evidence of evolution through observation and experimenting. The evidence for evolution can be grouped into six distinct categories: directly observed changes at a small scale, biogeographic distributions, comparative anatomy fossil records and genetics. Each of these categories offers compelling evidence for the evolution of life.

While many people are misinformed about the theory of evolution, it is an established fact. It is not a theory but a powerful collection that is founded on years of observation. Whatever people believe or disbelieve about the theory of evolution scientists continue to research and collect new data in order to further comprehend the evolution of life on Earth. This information will allow scientists to better understand how to avoid future global catastrophes and how to best utilize the resources of our planet. It will also allow us to better serve the needs of all the people on this planet.