What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 includes the creation of new species and change in appearance of existing species.

A variety of examples have been provided of this, such as different varieties of stickleback fish that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to specific host plants. These are mostly reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that live on our planet for ages. The most widely accepted explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually creates an entirely new species.


Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutation increase genetic diversity in a species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the production of fertile, viable offspring which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection can only occur when all these elements are in equilibrium. If, for example the dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene then the dominant allele becomes more common in a population. However, if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism with a beneficial characteristic will survive and reproduce more than an individual with a maladaptive trait. The higher the level of fitness an organism has which is measured by its ability to reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it will produce. People with desirable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes, or bright white colors in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which claims that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. If a giraffe extends its neck to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then its children will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck gets so long that it can no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from the same gene are randomly distributed within a population. In the end, one will reach fixation (become so common that it can no longer be removed by natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequency. This can result in an allele that is dominant in the extreme. The other alleles are virtually eliminated and heterozygosity been reduced to a minimum. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive gene. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of evolutionary process when a large amount of people migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an outbreak or mass hunt incident are concentrated in an area of a limited size. The survivors will carry an dominant allele, and will have the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct group that remains is susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew utilize a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of variations in fitness. They provide a well-known example of twins that are genetically identical, share the exact same phenotype and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift could be crucial in the evolution of a species. However, it is not the only way to evolve. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of a population is maintained by mutation and migration.

Stephens argues that there is a major difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal mechanism account of drift allows us to distinguish it from these other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined based on the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

When high school students study biology, they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as "Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms by adopting traits that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe stretching its neck longer to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This causes the longer necks of giraffes to be passed to their offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According Lamarck, living organisms evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this might be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as being the one who gave the subject its first broad and comprehensive treatment.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and that the two theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, leading to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits can be passed down through generations and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective influence of environmental factors, including Natural Selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea, it was never an integral part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is largely due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a huge amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired traits. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is just as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle for survival. In fact, this view is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more precisely described as a fight to survive within a particular environment, which could be a struggle that involves not only other organisms, but also the physical environment.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to comprehend evolution. The term "adaptation" refers to any specific feature that allows an organism to live and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavior, such as moving to the shade during the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.

The ability of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environment, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to generate offspring, and it should be able to access enough food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be able to reproduce itself at an optimal rate within its environment.

These factors, along with gene flow and mutation can result in changes in the ratio of alleles (different types of a gene) in the population's gene pool. The change in frequency of alleles could lead to the development of new traits and eventually new species in the course of time.

A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to protect themselves, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical characteristics like thick fur and gills are physical traits. The behavioral adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or retreat into shade in hot temperatures. Additionally, it is important to note that a lack of thought does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failure to think about the consequences of a decision can render it unadaptable despite the fact that it appears to be logical or even necessary.