Financial industry officials pointed out that it is a detailed problem for Japan to charge admission fees not only to foreigners but also to Koreans in casino resorts licensed by the country.

According to minutes obtained by GGRAsia, the plan to impose admission fees on foreigners was mentioned during a two-hour discussion of the IR [integrated resort] bill by Japan's lower house cabinet committee last week.

"The impact of any levy that applies to foreigners will depend in part on whether casinos can "combine" the entry levy," Gary Pingue, head of Asian consumer and gaming research at Macquarie Capital Securities, told GGRAsia.

Mr Pinge was commenting on whether future Japanese casinos would pay foreign customers for the levy or provide goods or services in kind.

Mr. Pinge added, "Imposing an entry levy means preventing a casino visit from being an impulsive decision when it comes to locals. For foreigners, if you spent all that money to go to Japan, you would pay an entry levy to enter a casino."

Raymond Y. Lin, an attorney at New York City-based Latham & Watkins LLP and an expert in capital market trading including funding for major infrastructure projects, warned representatives at a Japanese gaming conference in Tokyo last month that regulators tend to "layers" projects at costs including taxes if they think venture firms will be highly profitable.

Earlier, Japanese lawmakers said that some or all of the money raised by the casino levy could be used for responsible gambling businesses.

Gary Pinge of Macquarie told us, "History and local experience suggest that exposing locals to integrated resort-style casino venues while charging entrance fees will actually be positive for casinos in the surrounding areas. So, while there is a consensus that casinos in Japan will be negative for the Korean casino industry, it could be positive for Korea."

Another Hong Kong-based gaming analyst, who declined to be named, told GGRAsia: "Japan doesn't open casinos for charity. They're going to impose heavy taxes on operators and customers."

Japanese lawmakers from various political parties have often referred to the "Singapore model" as a sample of the country's implementation and regulation of casino resorts. But if Japan charges foreigners admission at proposed sites, it would be a significant departure from Singapore's approach.

Singapore charges Singapore citizens and permanent residents 100 Singapore dollars ($80) for 24-hour entry or 2,000 Singapore dollars for one-year entry but is satisfied with free entry to foreigners.

Singapore, however, strictly enforces the levy on locals and prohibits the two casino resorts from offering athletes an incentive or reward item to repay the levy or renew the annual levy.

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