Celsius® CFT features Celsius® Paks that are sterile, pre-assembled, single-use bags purposely engineered to fit into reusable structural frames. The unique design of the bag helps to prevent cryoconcentration during freeze and thaw cycles, which prevents product degradation. Plus, filled Celsius® Paks are never carried or directly handled throughout the lifecycle of the product. Celsius® FT100 is a controlled-rate freeze and thaw system designed to minimize the adverse effects of the cryoconcentration in your biopharmaceutical products.
As a result, boundary markers often shift from their designated positions due to the upward movement of rocks resulting from the volumetric expansion of ice beneath road beds (Taivainen, 1963). Additional F/T studies as outlined in Table 3 at different fill volumes from 20 to 500 mL in various appropriately sized containers were also evaluated and no significant increase in percent aggregates was detected. For freeze-drying microscopy, protein sample was dispensed into a glass cell and placed on a temperature-controlled freeze-drying stage.

• This variation in microstructure affects the physical and chemical properties of the clay (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite), such as its plasticity index, shrink-swell potential, and ion exchange capacity (Shan et al., 2021).
• Therefore, although the soil temperature lags behind the air temperature, the soil temperature of the freeze-thaw groups was the same as that of the control groups within several hours after the last freeze-thaw cycle.
• However, swelling pressure increases with increasing initial dry density at a controlled initial water content.
• Since the compressive strength of the rock is far greater than the tensile strength, which allows the rock in the testing machine is not compressive failure, but tensile failure.
• As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, the axial strains at both the initial and final stages of yielding decrease, along with a reduction in compressive strength.

While the freeze-thaw cycle is unavoidable, there are steps you can take to mitigate its impact:

Temperature measurements were recorded every ten seconds during the complete analysis. Proteins are commonly exposed to the freeze–thaw (F/T) events during bulk drug substance handling, manufacturing, and storage, as well as potential excursions during shipping4. Changes to the protein conformation such as partial unfolding of protein molecules during F/T has been found to result in protein aggregation1,5. Freezing and thawing stresses such as formation of ice-water interfaces, buffer-induced pH change, re-distribution / concentration of solutes, and phase separation can lead to complex changes in the buffer environment and result in protein aggregation6,7. Figure 2Daily average soil temperature in 2021 and the classification of freeze–thaw stages (SFP – stable frozen period, UTP – unstable thawing period, STP – stable thawed period and UFP – unstable freezing period). The water freezes at 32˚F (0˚C), expanding approximately 9% of its volume as it transitions from liquid to solid.

Materials and methodology

The overall impact of F/T process parameters (number of cycles, salt and buffer concentration, and protein concentration) on protein aggregation, as generated from the small-scale studies, is summarized in Fig. In the presence of sodium phosphate, formulations with isotonic amounts of sodium chloride had an increased level of high molecular weight species after F/T stress. Formulation with a lower phosphate concentration and high sodium chloride concentration demonstrated the highest level of aggregates post F/T stress (Fig. 2). Overall, formulations with reduced sodium chloride concentrations demonstrated the least susceptibility towards the F/T stress.
The GWC at lower suctions (500 kPa) and higher suctions (180 × 103 kPa) also plays a role in determining the overall water availability and plant growth in soil ecosystems. The fluctuations in GWC of BAS at lower suctions (500 kPa), PWP (1500 kPa), and higher suction (180 × 103 kPa) were also observed, as illustrated in Fig. Strength variation under freeze thaw condition of BB-amended CL UCS specimens cured for 30 days with varying (a) BB percentage and (b) the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The alteration in pores size and development of bonding between soil-BB in the UCS specimen cured for 30th day for (a, c) non amended CL, SM soil; and (b, d) CL, SM soil mixed with 2% (w/w) biochar content. Soils were collected from two distinct locations within the Patna district in Bihar, India.

Curing and freeze-thaw procedure of UCS specimens

According to Powers and Darcy’s law, the hydraulic pressure theory explains the effects of low temperatures on concrete (Powers, 1949; Powers, 1975). When concrete is exposed to low temperatures, the outer layer of the concrete freezes first. This freezing causes the liquid water within the concrete to migrate through capillary pores due to the volume differences between ice and liquid water. Precisely, ice occupies a greater volume than liquid water, creating a differential pressure that drives the migration (Valenza and Scherer, 2007; Dabas et al., 2021; Guo et al., 2022).

• No significant increase in aggregation was detected when mAb-1 was thawed at either temperatures.
• The moisture retention capabilities of biochar potentially establish a moisture content equilibrium for a long duration15.
• It is likely that due to the transient nature of the unfolded species, time is a critical parameter in determining the extent of aggregation, irrespective of the mechanism of association.
• When winter comes, you’ll rest easy knowing that you’ve taken all the right steps to prepare your Endless Pool.
• N fixation, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction were significantly enhanced by the freeze-thaw’s carry-over effects, whereas biosynthesis was significantly weakened by the freeze-thaw’s carry-over effects.

Essential Tips for Protecting Your Concrete This Winter

The protein evaluated in these studies was a mAb-1 fusion enzyme (Fc portion of a mAb fused with an enzyme), expressed and purified at Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Lexington, MA. The protein solutions at pH 6.0 were formulated in different concentrations of sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, and surfactant. The buffer and excipients selected for mAb-1 formulation were based on extensive (pre)formulation screening studies conducted previously. Sodium chloride (NaCl), monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate (NaH2PO4.H2O), dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate (Na2HPO4.7H2O.), and surfactant were purchased from J.T. Double deionized water was used to prepare all buffer solutions unless otherwise indicated.

3 Relationships between pore structure and SOC fractions of aggregates

Based on the study results and molecular sensitivity to thaw, the controlled thawing conditions with intermittent mixing of bottles to ensure homogenization have been implemented at the contract fill site to maintain the quality of mAb-1 upon freeze–thaw. Protein therapeutics serve as powerful tools to provide treatment for several diseases. As the number of therapeutic protein products increases, protein stability has gained significant importance. Protein aggregation, one of the most common examples of protein instabilities is observed at all stages of drug development and presents major challenges to successful progression of drug candidates. The structure of a protein may change under certain conditions and lead to aggregation, which is a major event of physical instability.

High-throughput sequencing analysis

Moreover, the duration of expansion and temperature are key factors in determining the linear swelling ratio and initial expansion rate of clay minerals. As the temperature increases, the linear swelling ratio tends to rise which results in a higher initial expansion rate (Chen et al., 2020). Therefore, the swelling of clay minerals is likely to increase with temperature.

Experimented on the pore morphology of clay minerals and concluded that the swelling phase did not only relate to the clay mineral type, but also to the pore morphology. It was found that samples with large pore volumes combined with a high percentage of small-sized pores exhibited high swelling potential. The swelling characteristics of various bentonites with different montmorillonite contents with expansion development time, volume expansion rate, water content, and restricted pressure are summarized in Table 2. In recent decades, the air temperature of northern ecosystems in winter and spring has increased more than in summer and the global mean, and the trend will continue1. The increasing air temperature, as the key environmental factor in winter, will alter the soil’s frozen and freeze-thaw situations.

The results showed that stabilization reduced free swell and swelling pressure by about 65% and 76%, respectively. Additionally, grouting with silica fume improved the bearing capacity of footings by 64%–82% for soils treated with 5% and 9% silica fume, respectively. Dharini et al. (2023) investigated the treatment of expansive clay soils using hydrated lime powder and sodium silicate.
Besides, freeze–thaw cycles exhibit more pronounced effect on the strength of samples, compared to the temperature path. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, a joint strength expression was proposed for the tensile, compressive, and shear strengths of granite, which characterizes the influence of freeze–thaw cycles and strength paths on strength behavior of granite samples. SEM images revealed the freeze–thaw damage to the microstructure of granite and further the deterioration of the mechanical properties. Generally, frost-heaving behavior in geomaterials is one of the leading causes of damage to geo-infrastructure in cold climates, especially in the winter season (Huang et al., 2020). custom stainless steel pools -thaw settlement of structures on soft clay significantly impacts the geotechnical characteristics of soft soils in cold regions (Konrad and Morgenstern, 1980; Barker and Thomas, 2013).

It can also be applied to nitrogen management and productivity improvements in wetlands. Initial formulation development studies demonstrated that mAb-1 was susceptible to F/T stress resulting in soluble aggregate formation. The aggregates are likely the result of protein unfolding during freezing and subsequent association of unfolded molecules via covalent linkages.

By caulking cracks, redirecting moisture, and giving your concrete a “winter coat,” you can stop these cycles from turning your driveway into the season’s latest concrete statistic. Voids or empty pockets in the material under a concrete slab are like loose threads on a holiday sweater—they’re small but can unravel the whole structure if ignored. This step also keeps the material below the slab from expanding and contracting as much, which can help prevent uneven settling. Think of this as sealing up the drafts under your doors—it keeps the cold (or in this case, moisture) out. Applying a high-quality penetrating sealer creates a barrier against water, preventing it from absorbing into the concrete.