Assignment: READING: SUMMARY WRITING

Study Skills 101
2022-07-24T22:50:10Z

Due: Aug 1, 2022 by 11:59pm

Summary Writing

What Is a Summary

A summary is a shortened version of an essay, chapter, or book.

It is written in your own words.

It is approximately ¼ the length of the original.

It does not contain a lot of directly copied sentences.

If you do quote directly, you must use quotation marks.

Do not include your opinion in the Summary.

How to Title A Summary

In most cases, you will put the title of what you are summarizing in quotation marks.

Include the phrase "Summary of "so your reader knows you have written a summary of someone else's work.

Center your title.

Sample title:

Summary of "Booker Taliaferro Washington"

The First Sentence

Be sure to include the following in the first sentence:

the title of the article (essay, book, etc.)

the source

the name(s) of the author

the writer's main point

Add the Major Supporting Details

Your next step is to add the essential supporting details in your own words.
To do this, re-read the pages and underline the details that you think should go into your Summary.
Write them down in your own words and in the order in which they appear.
Use transition words to move from sentence to sentence (or event to event).

Video: Summarizing Nonfiction

This 2:42 video will help you be able to quickly and easily summarize nonfiction writings. While you watch, note the steps to do this helpful skill efficiently.

Summarizing Nonfiction, Reading, Kahn Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as7xe8UQEr4&ab_channel=KhanAcademy

Video: Short Biography of Booker T. Washington

Use this link to watch this 3:30 minute video on Biography.com's website.

Booker T. Washington Mini Biography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07cispyOhWQ&ab_channel=Biography

The video will help you become better acquainted with this important historical man. While watching, please note how he overcame many difficult trials in his life.

BookerTWashingtonTranscript_A&ENETWORK

Article: Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington

Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington

Founder and First President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University)
Term in Office: 1881-1915

Booker T. Washington

Born April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro was the son of an unknown White man and Jane, an enslaved cook of James Burroughs, a small planter.

Jane named her son Booker Taliaferro but later dropped the second name. Booker gave himself the surname "Washington" when he first enrolled in school. Sometime after Booker's birth, his mother married Washington Ferguson, an enslaved person. A daughter, Amanda, was born into this marriage. James, Booker's younger half-brother, was adopted. Booker's elder brother, John, was also the son of a White man.

Booker spent his first nine years as an enslaved person on the Burroughs farm. In 1865, his mother took her children to Malden, West Virginia, to join her husband, who had gone there earlier and found work in the salt mines. At age nine, Booker was put to work packing salt. He worked in a coal mine between the ages of ten and twelve. He attended school while continuing to work in the mines. In 1871, he went to work as a houseboy for the wife of Gen. Lewis Ruffner, owner of the mines.

Securing an Education

Samuel Chapman Armstrong

In 1872, when Booker T. Washington was sixteen years old, he entered Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. The dominant personality at the school, which had opened in 1868 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, was the principal, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the son of American missionaries in Hawaii.

Armstrong, who had commanded Black troops in the Civil War, believed that the progress of freedmen and their descendants depended on education, which would be practical and useful and at the same time teach character and morality.

Washington traveled most of the distance from Malden to Hampton on foot, arriving penniless. His entrance examination to Hampton was to clean a room. The teacher inspected his work with a spotless, white handkerchief. Booker was admitted. He was given a job as a janitor to pay the cost of his room and board, and Armstrong arranged for a White benefactor to pay his tuition.

At Hampton, Washington studied academic subjects and agriculture, which included work in the fields and pigsties. He also learned lessons in personal cleanliness and good manners. His special interest was public speaking and debate. He was jubilant when he was chosen to speak at his commencement.

The most important part of his experience at Hampton was his association with Armstrong, who he described in his autobiography as "a great man - the noblest, rarest human being it has ever been my privilege to meet." From Armstrong, Washington derived much of his educational philosophy.

After graduating from Hampton with honors in 1875, Washington returned to Malden to teach. He was a student at Wayland Seminary for eight months, an institution with an entire academic curriculum. This experience reinforced his belief in an educational system emphasizing practical skills and self-help. In 1879, Washington returned to Hampton to teach in a program for American Indians.

Educating Others

Physics Class at Tuskegee Institute

In 1880, the Alabama State Legislature passed a bill that included a yearly appropriation of $2,000 to establish a school for Blacks in Macon County. This action was generated by two men - Lewis Adams, a formerly enslaved person, and George W. Campbell, a former enslaver. On February 12, 1881, Governor Rufus Willis Cobb signed the bill into law, establishing the Tuskegee Normal School to train Black teachers.

Armstrong was invited to recommend a White teacher as principal of the school. Instead, he suggested Washington, who was accepted. When Washington arrived at Tuskegee, he found that no land or buildings had been acquired for the projected school, nor was there any money for these purposes since the appropriation was for salaries only. Undaunted, Washington began selling the idea of the school, recruiting students, and seeking the support of local Whites.

The school opened July 4, 1881, in a hut loaned by a Black church, Butler A.M.E. Zion. With money borrowed from Hampton Institute's treasurer, Washington purchased an abandoned 100-acre plantation on the outskirts of Tuskegee. Students built a kiln, made bricks for buildings, and sold bricks to raise money. They built a classroom building, a dining hall, a girl's dormitory, and a chapel within a few years.

By 1888, the 540-acre Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute had an enrollment of more than 400 and offered training in such skilled trades as carpentry, cabinet-making, printing, shoemaking, and tinsmithing. Boys also studied farming and dairying, while girls learned domestic skills such as cooking and sewing.

Students supplied a large part of the school's needs through their labor. In the academic departments, Washington insisted that efforts be made to relate the subject matter to the students' actual experiences. Strong emphasis was placed on personal hygiene, manners, and character building.

Students followed a rigid schedule of study and work, arising at five in the morning and retiring at nine-thirty at night. Although Tuskegee was non-denominational, all students were required to attend chapel daily and a series of religious services on Sunday. Washington himself usually spoke to the students on Sunday evenings.

Olivia Davidson, a graduate of Hampton and Framingham State Normal School in Massachusetts, became a teacher and assistant principal at Tuskegee in 1881. In 1885, Washington's older brother John, a Hampton graduate, came to Tuskegee to direct the vocational training program.

Other notable additions to the staff were acclaimed scientist Dr. George Washington Carver, who became director of the agriculture program in 1896; Emmett J. Scott, Washington's private secretary in 1897; and Monroe Nathan Work, who became head of the Records and Research Department in 1908.

Establishing a legacy

Margaret Murray Washington

On Tuskegee's 25th anniversary, Washington had transformed an idea into a 2,000-acre, eighty-three building campus that, combined with such personal property as equipment, live stock, and stock in trade, was valued at $831,895. Tuskegee's endowment fund was $1,275,644, and training in thirty-seven industries was available for the more than 1,500 students enrolled that year.

Through progress at Tuskegee, Washington showed that an oppressed people could advance. His concept of practical education contributed to the general field of education. His writings, which included 40 books, were widely read and highly regarded. Among his works were an autobiography titled "Up From Slavery" (1901), "Character Building" (1902), "My Larger Education" (1911), and "The Man Farthest Down" (1912).

Washington settled into the national scene on the opening day of the Atlanta Exposition in 1895 when he spoke about "The New Negro," one with "the knowledge of how to live ... how to cultivate the soil, to husband their resources, and make the most of their opportunities."

Eyebrows raised again on October 16, 1901, when Washington became the first Black person to dine at the White House. Counsel to many U.S. presidents, he was there at the invitation of President Theodore Roosevelt.

Washington was married three times. In 1882, he married his Malden sweetheart, Fannie Norton Smith. She died two years later, leaving an infant daughter, Portia (who married William Sidney Pittman, an architect, in 1907).

In 1885, Washington married Hampton graduate Olivia Davidson, the assistant principal of Tuskegee, who died in 1889. Two sons were born to this marriage: Booker Taliaferro, Jr. and Ernest Davidson.

In 1893, Washington married Fisk University graduate Margaret James Murray, who had come to Tuskegee as lady principal in 1889 and directed the programs for female students and initiated the Women's Meetings. Margaret Murray Washington died in 1925.

Margaret and her husband's three children and four grandchildren survived Washington, who died November 14, 1915, at age fifty-nine of arteriosclerosis and exhaustion. He died after an illness in St. Luke's hospital, New York City, where he had been admitted on November 5. Aware that the end was near, he left with his wife and his physician, Dr. John A. Kennedy, Sr., on November 12 so that he could die in Tuskegee.

Booker T. Washington's funeral on November 17, 1915, was held in the Tuskegee Institute Chapel and was attended by nearly 8,000 people. He was buried on campus in a brick tomb made by students, on a hill commanding a view of the entire campus.

After watching the video and reading the article, please respond to

You May Access The Discussion Here: The Summary Discussion

You May Access The Corresponding Rubric Here

References

Adapted from Gorgie, J., & Hutson, K. (2022, July 20). College Level Reading Support: Readings to Engage Learners. OER Commons. https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/89536/overview

Kahn Academy. (2020b, March 27). Summarizing nonfiction | Reading | Khan Academy. Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as7xe8UQEr4&ab_channel=KhanAcademy

Tuskegee University. (2017). Booker T. Washington | Tuskegee University. Tuskegee.edu. https://www.tuskegee.edu/discover-tu/tu-presidents/booker-t-washington

Booker T. Washington: Founder of Tuskegee University & Champion for Civil Rights | Biography. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved August 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07cispyOhWQ&ab_channel=Biography

Washington, B. T. (2017, February 17). Booker T. Washington - Mini Biography. A&E Networks Television. https://www.biography.com/video/booker-t-washington-mini-biography-11188803909

Summary Writing

What Is a Summary

A summary is a shortened version of an essay, chapter, or book.

It is written in your own words.

It is approximately ¼ the length of the original.

It does not contain a lot of directly copied sentences.

If you do quote directly, you must use quotation marks.

Do not include your opinion in the Summary.

How to Title A Summary

In most cases, you will put the title of what you are summarizing in quotation marks.

Include the phrase "Summary of "so your reader knows you have written a summary of someone else's work.

Center your title.

Sample title:

Summary of "Booker Taliaferro Washington"

The First Sentence

Be sure to include the following in the first sentence:

the title of the article (essay, book, etc.)

the source

the name(s) of the author

the writer's main point

Add the Major Supporting Details

Your next step is to add the essential supporting details in your own words.
To do this, re-read the pages and underline the details that you think should go into your Summary.
Write them down in your own words and in the order in which they appear.
Use transition words to move from sentence to sentence (or event to event).

Video: Summarizing Nonfiction

This 2:42 video will help you be able to quickly and easily summarize nonfiction writings. While you watch, note the steps to do this helpful skill efficiently.

Summarizing Nonfiction, Reading, Kahn Academy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as7xe8UQEr4&ab_channel=KhanAcademy

Video: Short Biography of Booker T. Washington

Use this link to watch this 3:30 minute video on Biography.com's website.

Booker T. Washington Mini Biography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07cispyOhWQ&ab_channel=Biography

The video will help you become better acquainted with this important historical man. While watching, please note how he overcame many difficult trials in his life.

BookerTWashingtonTranscript_A&ENETWORK

Article: Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington

Dr. Booker Taliaferro Washington

Founder and First President of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University)
Term in Office: 1881-1915

Booker T. Washington

Born April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia, Booker Taliaferro was the son of an unknown White man and Jane, an enslaved cook of James Burroughs, a small planter.

Jane named her son Booker Taliaferro but later dropped the second name. Booker gave himself the surname "Washington" when he first enrolled in school. Sometime after Booker's birth, his mother married Washington Ferguson, an enslaved person. A daughter, Amanda, was born into this marriage. James, Booker's younger half-brother, was adopted. Booker's elder brother, John, was also the son of a White man.

Booker spent his first nine years as an enslaved person on the Burroughs farm. In 1865, his mother took her children to Malden, West Virginia, to join her husband, who had gone there earlier and found work in the salt mines. At age nine, Booker was put to work packing salt. He worked in a coal mine between the ages of ten and twelve. He attended school while continuing to work in the mines. In 1871, he went to work as a houseboy for the wife of Gen. Lewis Ruffner, owner of the mines.

Securing an Education

Samuel Chapman Armstrong

In 1872, when Booker T. Washington was sixteen years old, he entered Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia. The dominant personality at the school, which had opened in 1868 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, was the principal, Samuel Chapman Armstrong, the son of American missionaries in Hawaii.

Armstrong, who had commanded Black troops in the Civil War, believed that the progress of freedmen and their descendants depended on education, which would be practical and useful and at the same time teach character and morality.

Washington traveled most of the distance from Malden to Hampton on foot, arriving penniless. His entrance examination to Hampton was to clean a room. The teacher inspected his work with a spotless, white handkerchief. Booker was admitted. He was given a job as a janitor to pay the cost of his room and board, and Armstrong arranged for a White benefactor to pay his tuition.

At Hampton, Washington studied academic subjects and agriculture, which included work in the fields and pigsties. He also learned lessons in personal cleanliness and good manners. His special interest was public speaking and debate. He was jubilant when he was chosen to speak at his commencement.

The most important part of his experience at Hampton was his association with Armstrong, who he described in his autobiography as "a great man - the noblest, rarest human being it has ever been my privilege to meet." From Armstrong, Washington derived much of his educational philosophy.

After graduating from Hampton with honors in 1875, Washington returned to Malden to teach. He was a student at Wayland Seminary for eight months, an institution with an entire academic curriculum. This experience reinforced his belief in an educational system emphasizing practical skills and self-help. In 1879, Washington returned to Hampton to teach in a program for American Indians.

Educating Others

Physics Class at Tuskegee Institute

In 1880, the Alabama State Legislature passed a bill that included a yearly appropriation of $2,000 to establish a school for Blacks in Macon County. This action was generated by two men - Lewis Adams, a formerly enslaved person, and George W. Campbell, a former enslaver. On February 12, 1881, Governor Rufus Willis Cobb signed the bill into law, establishing the Tuskegee Normal School to train Black teachers.

Armstrong was invited to recommend a White teacher as principal of the school. Instead, he suggested Washington, who was accepted. When Washington arrived at Tuskegee, he found that no land or buildings had been acquired for the projected school, nor was there any money for these purposes since the appropriation was for salaries only. Undaunted, Washington began selling the idea of the school, recruiting students, and seeking the support of local Whites.

The school opened July 4, 1881, in a hut loaned by a Black church, Butler A.M.E. Zion. With money borrowed from Hampton Institute's treasurer, Washington purchased an abandoned 100-acre plantation on the outskirts of Tuskegee. Students built a kiln, made bricks for buildings, and sold bricks to raise money. They built a classroom building, a dining hall, a girl's dormitory, and a chapel within a few years.

By 1888, the 540-acre Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute had an enrollment of more than 400 and offered training in such skilled trades as carpentry, cabinet-making, printing, shoemaking, and tinsmithing. Boys also studied farming and dairying, while girls learned domestic skills such as cooking and sewing.

Students supplied a large part of the school's needs through their labor. In the academic departments, Washington insisted that efforts be made to relate the subject matter to the students' actual experiences. Strong emphasis was placed on personal hygiene, manners, and character building.

Students followed a rigid schedule of study and work, arising at five in the morning and retiring at nine-thirty at night. Although Tuskegee was non-denominational, all students were required to attend chapel daily and a series of religious services on Sunday. Washington himself usually spoke to the students on Sunday evenings.

Olivia Davidson, a graduate of Hampton and Framingham State Normal School in Massachusetts, became a teacher and assistant principal at Tuskegee in 1881. In 1885, Washington's older brother John, a Hampton graduate, came to Tuskegee to direct the vocational training program.

Other notable additions to the staff were acclaimed scientist Dr. George Washington Carver, who became director of the agriculture program in 1896; Emmett J. Scott, Washington's private secretary in 1897; and Monroe Nathan Work, who became head of the Records and Research Department in 1908.

Establishing a legacy

Margaret Murray Washington

On Tuskegee's 25th anniversary, Washington had transformed an idea into a 2,000-acre, eighty-three building campus that, combined with such personal property as equipment, live stock, and stock in trade, was valued at $831,895. Tuskegee's endowment fund was $1,275,644, and training in thirty-seven industries was available for the more than 1,500 students enrolled that year.

Through progress at Tuskegee, Washington showed that an oppressed people could advance. His concept of practical education contributed to the general field of education. His writings, which included 40 books, were widely read and highly regarded. Among his works were an autobiography titled "Up From Slavery" (1901), "Character Building" (1902), "My Larger Education" (1911), and "The Man Farthest Down" (1912).

Washington settled into the national scene on the opening day of the Atlanta Exposition in 1895 when he spoke about "The New Negro," one with "the knowledge of how to live ... how to cultivate the soil, to husband their resources, and make the most of their opportunities."

Eyebrows raised again on October 16, 1901, when Washington became the first Black person to dine at the White House. Counsel to many U.S. presidents, he was there at the invitation of President Theodore Roosevelt.

Washington was married three times. In 1882, he married his Malden sweetheart, Fannie Norton Smith. She died two years later, leaving an infant daughter, Portia (who married William Sidney Pittman, an architect, in 1907).

In 1885, Washington married Hampton graduate Olivia Davidson, the assistant principal of Tuskegee, who died in 1889. Two sons were born to this marriage: Booker Taliaferro, Jr. and Ernest Davidson.

In 1893, Washington married Fisk University graduate Margaret James Murray, who had come to Tuskegee as lady principal in 1889 and directed the programs for female students and initiated the Women's Meetings. Margaret Murray Washington died in 1925.

Margaret and her husband's three children and four grandchildren survived Washington, who died November 14, 1915, at age fifty-nine of arteriosclerosis and exhaustion. He died after an illness in St. Luke's hospital, New York City, where he had been admitted on November 5. Aware that the end was near, he left with his wife and his physician, Dr. John A. Kennedy, Sr., on November 12 so that he could die in Tuskegee.

Booker T. Washington's funeral on November 17, 1915, was held in the Tuskegee Institute Chapel and was attended by nearly 8,000 people. He was buried on campus in a brick tomb made by students, on a hill commanding a view of the entire campus.

After watching the video and reading the article, please respond to

You May Access The Discussion Here: The Summary Discussion

You May Access The Corresponding Rubric Here

References

Adapted from Gorgie, J., & Hutson, K. (2022, July 20). College Level Reading Support: Readings to Engage Learners. OER Commons. https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/89536/overview

Kahn Academy. (2020b, March 27). Summarizing nonfiction | Reading | Khan Academy. Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as7xe8UQEr4&ab_channel=KhanAcademy

Tuskegee University. (2017). Booker T. Washington | Tuskegee University. Tuskegee.edu. https://www.tuskegee.edu/discover-tu/tu-presidents/booker-t-washington

Booker T. Washington: Founder of Tuskegee University & Champion for Civil Rights | Biography. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved August 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07cispyOhWQ&ab_channel=Biography

Washington, B. T. (2017, February 17). Booker T. Washington - Mini Biography. A&E Networks Television. https://www.biography.com/video/booker-t-washington-mini-biography-11188803909